Law and Rights
On 19th April 2012, HC (the claimant) was just 17 years old when he was arrested on suspicion of having been involved in a robbery. The Police did not inform his mother of his arrest. In fact, they had no obligation to do so because the law at the time treated an arrested 17 year old as if he were an adult.
A judicial review was heard at the High Court in February 2013 and judgment given on 25th April 2013 - R(HC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] EWHC 982 (Admin) - Moses LJ and and Kenneth Parker J.
It is quite a lengthy and complex judgment so let's "cut to the chase."
The government had refused to extend to arrested 17 year olds the same protections offered to those under 17 who were arrested. The protections are set out in Code C to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. At the time, both the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Code permitted the police to treat a 17 year-old as an adult and, as an adult, he had no unqualified right to let his mother know what had happened, nor did his mother have a right to speak to him. Under PACE and the Code an inspector was permitted to delay such contact in light of his belief that it would interfere with the investigation.
The court stated at para 89:
" ..... it is inconsistent with the rights of the claimant and his mother, enshrined in Article 8, for the Secretary of State to treat 17 year-olds as adults when in detention. To do so disregards the definition of a child in the [United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child], in all the other international instruments to which the Strasbourg Court and the Supreme Court have referred, and the preponderance of legislation affecting children and justice which include within their scope those who are under 18. The Secretary of State's failure to amend Code C is in breach of her obligation under the Human Rights Act 1998, and unlawful."
The topic is discussed in this article issued by Doughty Street Chambers - Law changed to protect 17 year olds in custody.
The government accepted the judgment and Code C was amended in October 2013 to require that an appropriate adult (e.g. a parent) be allowed access to a 17 year old held in custody. Access is on the same terms as it was previously for those under 17.
The Human Rights Act 1998 was used to make an important change which the government had appeared reluctant to bring about.
Please see this link and watch the video - Just for Kids - Everyday rights - when we need to protect our children
Some further anomalies remained in the law with regard to 17 year olds. The Criminal and Justice and Courts Act 2015 has provisions in it to address certain of these. For example, section 41
Further anomalies:
The effect of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 section 41 requires that if a 17 year old is to be given a youth caution or a youth conditional caution then an appropriate adult must normally be present.
A further matter concerned detention of 17 year olds in Police cells as opposed to being held in accommodation provided by local authorities - see UK Youth . This link mentions a number of suicides by 17 year olds who had been held in Police cells - (see pictures below). In 2014, the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill was amended and the outcome was section 42 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015. However, at the time of writing, it does not appear that section 42 has been brought into force.
Reference:
PACE Code C - 2014 issue
End note 5th June 2015:
The government has announced that treating 17 year olds the same way as those under 17 when they are held by the Police will be addressed fully in a Policing and Criminal Justice Bill.
- Legal Advice In Police Stations ~ Is It Too Much To Ask That It Be Properly Funded?
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- A Few Items Of Interest ....
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Law and Rights
Why we need OUR human rights (1) - 17 year olds and the Police
A judicial review was heard at the High Court in February 2013 and judgment given on 25th April 2013 - R(HC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] EWHC 982 (Admin) - Moses LJ and and Kenneth Parker J.
It is quite a lengthy and complex judgment so let's "cut to the chase."
The government had refused to extend to arrested 17 year olds the same protections offered to those under 17 who were arrested. The protections are set out in Code C to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. At the time, both the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Code permitted the police to treat a 17 year-old as an adult and, as an adult, he had no unqualified right to let his mother know what had happened, nor did his mother have a right to speak to him. Under PACE and the Code an inspector was permitted to delay such contact in light of his belief that it would interfere with the investigation.
The court stated at para 89:
" ..... it is inconsistent with the rights of the claimant and his mother, enshrined in Article 8, for the Secretary of State to treat 17 year-olds as adults when in detention. To do so disregards the definition of a child in the [United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child], in all the other international instruments to which the Strasbourg Court and the Supreme Court have referred, and the preponderance of legislation affecting children and justice which include within their scope those who are under 18. The Secretary of State's failure to amend Code C is in breach of her obligation under the Human Rights Act 1998, and unlawful."
The topic is discussed in this article issued by Doughty Street Chambers - Law changed to protect 17 year olds in custody.
The government accepted the judgment and Code C was amended in October 2013 to require that an appropriate adult (e.g. a parent) be allowed access to a 17 year old held in custody. Access is on the same terms as it was previously for those under 17.
The Human Rights Act 1998 was used to make an important change which the government had appeared reluctant to bring about.
Please see this link and watch the video - Just for Kids - Everyday rights - when we need to protect our children
Some further anomalies remained in the law with regard to 17 year olds. The Criminal and Justice and Courts Act 2015 has provisions in it to address certain of these. For example, section 41
Further anomalies:
The effect of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 section 41 requires that if a 17 year old is to be given a youth caution or a youth conditional caution then an appropriate adult must normally be present.
A further matter concerned detention of 17 year olds in Police cells as opposed to being held in accommodation provided by local authorities - see UK Youth . This link mentions a number of suicides by 17 year olds who had been held in Police cells - (see pictures below). In 2014, the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill was amended and the outcome was section 42 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015. However, at the time of writing, it does not appear that section 42 has been brought into force.
Reference:
PACE Code C - 2014 issue
End note 5th June 2015:
The government has announced that treating 17 year olds the same way as those under 17 when they are held by the Police will be addressed fully in a Policing and Criminal Justice Bill.
The Human Rights Act helps ordinary people every day. Let's fight to save it. #ActForTheAct http://t.co/uVKRXqG27e pic.twitter.com/lOLg08qkYP? Mary-Rachel McCabe (@MaryRachel_McC) May 27, 2015
- Legal Advice In Police Stations ~ Is It Too Much To Ask That It Be Properly Funded?
For those arrested and detained by the Police, access to legal advice is an important right. English law does not go so far as to force the detainee to obtain advice but they ought not to decline it too readily. Many solicitors are protesting...
- A Glance At The Labour Party Manifesto
Here are some of the "justice highlights" in the Labour Party Manifesto for the 2015 General Election. The full manifesto is here and is summarised at Election 2015: Labour Manifesto at-a-glance The EU and Human Rights: Labour would work to reform...
- A Few Items Of Interest ....
Ladybower Reservoir December 2014 Advocacy: Law students and those starting a career in advocacy would do well the read this article by Nigel Pascoe QC - The Art of Cross Examination. Age and the law: In this link, Dan Bunting contrasts the age of consent...
- The Scandal Of "endless" Police Bail
Following the arrest of an individual, the Police are empowered to release the individual on bail. Such bail may have onerous conditions. The normal life of the individual may be seriously affected by such conditions. If the individual is...
- Police Powers - Bail
A man was held by Police for questioning in connection with the Joanna Yeates murder. Later, he was released on bail. He has not been charged and the basis for the bail has not, so far as I know, been published. I do not wish to...