Law and Rights
English land law has always been a very convoluted subject. Although it has undergone reforms, it retains considerable complexity. It is often dreaded by students and can present tricky problems for practitioners. One problem that can appear from time-to-time relates to so-called "manorial rights." This is the subject of an interesting report from the House of Commons Justice Committee - and see also The Guardian 22nd January 2015.
"Lordships of Manors", "Manorial Land" and "Manorial Rights" are akin to ghosts from a bygone era of English legal history. However, they can be very troublesome spirits as pointed out by Judith Bray (Senior Law Lecturer University of Buckingham) who wrote:
"Manorial rights can be owned separately from land and can give powerful and valuable rights to the owner. The Lord of the Manor had an important role in society which gave him certain rights over those living in the manor but to whom he also owed duties and protection. Today some of the rights remain, often in the hands of people who have no connection with the area other than their title, but the protective role has disappeared. These rights can be highly lucrative but often at the expense of vulnerable people." [See this link].
The main manorial rights are sporting rights and rights to mines and minerals. It was thought that if "fracking" takes place then compensation might have to be payable to owners of manorial rights of the land concerned - previous post of 5th November 2011 refers. The Justice Committee considers that this is not the case though, strictly speaking, the matter might yet be tested in the courts since the Justice Committee does not make binding statements as to the law. It is also worth noting the Conclusion to Chapter of the report which states at para 56: " ... there may be certain manorial rights, particularly those related to mines and minerals over rural land, that are of considerable and real value to the rights holders ..."
Manorial rights - Land Registry Practice Guide 22
The Justice Committee has recommended that "a review be carried out assessing whether the law related to manorial rights should be changed, including the question of whether all or some categories should be abolished, and how legislation could appropriately address compensation and human rights issues in such an event. We would expect the Law Commission to carry out this work .... "
Interestingly, the Law Commission was looking at Feudal Land Law but the project was abandoned for reasons stated here.
Additional links:
Property Law Journal May 2014 - Manorial rights
Chancel repair Liability:
Another blast from the past - but which could be painful today - is Chancel Repair Liability. This came to prominence in legal circles with the decision of the House of Lords in the Aston Cantlow case. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead described it as "one of the more arcane and unsatisfactory areas of property law." This particular liability is not covered by the Justice Committee report.
Chancel repair liability attracts to land which previously belonged to a monastery or abbey and which was sold off by the Henry VIII (the Crown) after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the sixteenth century. The owners of this land are known as lay impropriators or lay rectors and the recovery of funds from them is governed by the Chancel Repairs Act 1932.
Here is a useful link stating the position with regard to this liability. A Private Member's Bill to abolish the liability is currently before Parliament but is not likely to become law.
Note for students:
The Law of Property Act 1922 abolished copyhold tenure (explained here). "Incidents" of the tenure that existed were divided into 3 categories:
a) those abolished when the Act came into force (1st January 1926);
b) those preserved until 1936 and
c) those preserved indefinitely.
Category (c) rights included rights of the lord to mines, minerals, fairs. markets and sporting etc. These rights became overriding interests in the system of registered title - a system which is, of course, now rapidly superseding the old unregistered title system. The Land Registration Act 2002 sought to reduce the number of overriding interests. Manorial rights lost overriding status from 12th October 2013. This explains why there was something of a rush to register such rights prior to that date.
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Law and Rights
"To the manor born" ~ Manorial Rights ~ an interesting report
"Lordships of Manors", "Manorial Land" and "Manorial Rights" are akin to ghosts from a bygone era of English legal history. However, they can be very troublesome spirits as pointed out by Judith Bray (Senior Law Lecturer University of Buckingham) who wrote:
"Manorial rights can be owned separately from land and can give powerful and valuable rights to the owner. The Lord of the Manor had an important role in society which gave him certain rights over those living in the manor but to whom he also owed duties and protection. Today some of the rights remain, often in the hands of people who have no connection with the area other than their title, but the protective role has disappeared. These rights can be highly lucrative but often at the expense of vulnerable people." [See this link].
The main manorial rights are sporting rights and rights to mines and minerals. It was thought that if "fracking" takes place then compensation might have to be payable to owners of manorial rights of the land concerned - previous post of 5th November 2011 refers. The Justice Committee considers that this is not the case though, strictly speaking, the matter might yet be tested in the courts since the Justice Committee does not make binding statements as to the law. It is also worth noting the Conclusion to Chapter of the report which states at para 56: " ... there may be certain manorial rights, particularly those related to mines and minerals over rural land, that are of considerable and real value to the rights holders ..."
Manorial rights - Land Registry Practice Guide 22
The Justice Committee has recommended that "a review be carried out assessing whether the law related to manorial rights should be changed, including the question of whether all or some categories should be abolished, and how legislation could appropriately address compensation and human rights issues in such an event. We would expect the Law Commission to carry out this work .... "
Interestingly, the Law Commission was looking at Feudal Land Law but the project was abandoned for reasons stated here.
Additional links:
Property Law Journal May 2014 - Manorial rights
Chancel repair Liability:
Another blast from the past - but which could be painful today - is Chancel Repair Liability. This came to prominence in legal circles with the decision of the House of Lords in the Aston Cantlow case. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead described it as "one of the more arcane and unsatisfactory areas of property law." This particular liability is not covered by the Justice Committee report.
Chancel repair liability attracts to land which previously belonged to a monastery or abbey and which was sold off by the Henry VIII (the Crown) after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the sixteenth century. The owners of this land are known as lay impropriators or lay rectors and the recovery of funds from them is governed by the Chancel Repairs Act 1932.
Here is a useful link stating the position with regard to this liability. A Private Member's Bill to abolish the liability is currently before Parliament but is not likely to become law.
Note for students:
The Law of Property Act 1922 abolished copyhold tenure (explained here). "Incidents" of the tenure that existed were divided into 3 categories:
a) those abolished when the Act came into force (1st January 1926);
b) those preserved until 1936 and
c) those preserved indefinitely.
Category (c) rights included rights of the lord to mines, minerals, fairs. markets and sporting etc. These rights became overriding interests in the system of registered title - a system which is, of course, now rapidly superseding the old unregistered title system. The Land Registration Act 2002 sought to reduce the number of overriding interests. Manorial rights lost overriding status from 12th October 2013. This explains why there was something of a rush to register such rights prior to that date.
- The $18,851 Shoes At Hyundai
The last time you had a problem getting warranty to pay for a repair to your Hyundai or Kia, did you wonder what they were doing with their money? Well, maybe they were saving it up, as Americans buy more and more foreign cars. Just how much money do...
- English Land Law - No.2 - Types Of Fee Simple: Settlements And Co-ownership
This post is the second in a series on what is, to me, the fascinating subject of English land law though it is, all too often, a subject detested by law students! The principal problem seems to be that the subject cannot be entirely divorced...
- English Land Law - No.1 Estates In Land And Tenure
This post takes a look at the two basic doctrines of English land law - estates and tenure. Estates remain of fundamental importance. Tenure continues to exist but is much reduced in importance though, occasionally, it can have impact. ...
- The Downton Abbey Entail ....
Coutndown to Downton ... Independent ... 4th September 2011 Noticing the other day that the highly successful ITV series "Downton Abbey" is to resume this autumn, I decided to do a "refresher" by watching some of the episodes in Series 1 which I have...
- A Glance At House Ownership: What Do We Actually Own?
English Land Law is a fascinating legal topic though it is frequently the bane of the law student's life. Given the economic importance of land, there is a long line of legal development since (at least) the Norman Conquest of 1066. People...