Law and Rights
On human rights grounds, the Home Secretary has blocked the extradition to the USA of Mr Gary McKinnon - Full statement to Parliament 16th October 2012 and see video Channel 4. Mrs May's statement went well beyond the McKinnon case and is reproduced below.
Media comment/articles:
An interesting article by David Allen Green - New Statesman 16th October - notes that what you believe about the McKinnon extradition case is probably false and looks at the actual legal position in the case - Why did it take 10 years to block the extradition of Gary McKinnon. See also the piece by Joshua Rozenberg in The Guardian 16th October - Gary McKinnon: Theresa May had no choice but to use human rights grounds. Rozenberg begins - "Theresa May must have found it galling to use the despised Human Rights Act as a get-out-of-jail-free card for Gary McKinnon. But there was no alternative to her using article 3 of the human rights convention, which says that no one shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. How else was she going to be able to stop McKinnon being extradited to the US, with the risk that he would end his own life and, with it, May's political career? ...."
Mrs May's statement ~ House of Commons ~ 16th October 2012:
"With permission, Mr Speaker, I would like to make a statement about the case of Gary McKinnon and the government's response to Sir Scott Baker's review of our extradition arrangements.
I will turn first to Mr McKinnon's case.
I should explain to the house that the statutory process under the extradition act 2003 has long ended. SinceI came into office the sole issue on which I have been required to make a decision is whether Mr McKinnon'sextradition to the United States would breach his human rights.
Mr McKinnon is accused of serious crimes. But there is also no doubt that he is seriously ill. He has Asperger's syndrome, and suffers from depressive illness. The legal question before me is now whether the extent of that illness is sufficient to preclude extradition.
As the house would expect, I have very carefully considered the representations made on Mr McKinnon's behalf, including from a number of clinicians. I have obtained my own medical advice from practitioners recommended to me by the chief medical officer. And I have taken extensive legal advice.
After careful consideration of all of the relevant material, I have concluded that Mr McKinnon's extradition would give rise to such a high risk of him ending his life that a decision to extradite would be incompatible with Mr McKinnon's human rights.
I have therefore withdrawn the extradition order against Mr McKinnon.
It will now be for the director of public prosecutions to decide whether Mr McKinnon has a case to answer in a UK court. This has been a difficult and exceptional case and I would like to pay tribute to all of the Home Office officials and lawyers who have worked on this case over the years.
But concerns about the working of our extradition law have grown over recent years. There has been public concern about the extradition regime operating in the European union, the European arrest warrant, and about the extradition arrangements outside the EU, principally with the United States.
That is why in September 2010, I commissioned a review into our extradition arrangements.
That review was undertaken by Sir Scott Baker - a former Judge in the court of appeal - and a distinguished and expert panel, including David Perry QC and Anand Doobay.
I am extremely grateful to them for the professional and thorough way they went about their work. Nobody who has read their near 500 page report can be anything but impressed by the depth and clarity of its analysis.
At the same time, there has been considerable parliamentary interest in extradition. In a debate last December, parliament agreed unanimously that it believed there were problems with both our US and EU extradition arrangements.
In coming to a decision on how the government should respond to the Baker review I have taken full account of the review?s recommendations as well as the views of parliament.
(My note: See the Scott Baker review report and also Home Office 16th October)
The EAW has had some success in streamlining the extradition process within the EU. But there have also been problems. There are concerns in particular about the disproportionate use of the EAW for trivial offences, and for actions that are not considered to be crimes in the UK. There are also issues around the lengthy pre-trial detention of some British citizens overseas. We know these concerns are shared by other member states.
We will therefore work with the European Commission, and with other member states, to consider what changes can be made to improve the EAW?s operation. I believe this is necessary to ensure that the EAW provides the protections that our citizens demand.
A key reason for the loss of public and parliamentary confidence in our extradition arrangements has been the perceived lack of transparency in the process.
I believe extradition decisions must not only be fair, they must be seen to be fair, and they must be made in open court, where decisions can be challenged and explained.
That is why I have decided to introduce a forum bar. This will mean that where prosecution is possible in both the UK and in another state, the British courts will be able to bar prosecution overseas, if they believe it is in the interests of justice to do so.
I have been conscious, however, of Sir Scott Baker's concern that the introduction of the existing forum legislation would lead to delays and satellite litigation. So rather than commence the existing provisions, as soon as parliamentary time allows I will bring forward a new forum bar, which will be carefully designed to minimise delays.
In parallel the director of public prosecutions will independently publish draft prosecutors' guidance for cases of concurrent jurisdiction.
And a bi-lateral protocol governing the approach of investigators and prosecutors in the UK and the US is being updated alongside this guidance.
(My note: the existing provisions are those in the Police and Justice Act 2006)
Although there is a perception that the evidence tests used by the US and the UK ? probable cause and reasonable suspicion respectively ? are unbalanced, Sir Scott Baker found that there is no significant difference between these two tests.
The courts are already able to subject requests from all countries to sufficient scrutiny to identify and address injustice or oppression.
Re-introducing prima facie evidence would be likely to lead to further delays.
And, Mr Speaker, it is absurd to propose that we should require prima facie evidence from countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, when we do not require such evidence of other countries with far less mature judicial systems.
In addition to the measures I have just announced, the government will look further at proposals in the Baker review to introduce a permission stage for appeals to the UK courts.
We will work closely with the European court of human rights on a programme to reduce the wholly unacceptable delays which have occurred there.
And we have also been considering how we can reduce delays in the deportation of foreign nationals who pose a threat to our national security. There is scope for reforming rights of appeal, streamlining the stages, expediting cases through the court and looking again at the provision of legal aid for terrorist suspects.
- The Five Are Extradited ~ Is This A Time For Rejoicing?
On 5th October, the High Court finally cleared the way for the extraditions to the USA of Al Fawaz, Abdel Bary, Abu Hamza, Babar Ahmad, Talha Ahsan. The British and US governments clearly wasted no time in getting the men out of the UK as, during...
- Extradition To The Usa ~ Five Lose In The High Court
Update 9th October: The full judgment A few days ago, at his annual Press Conference, the Lord Chief Justice expressed "fury" at "any case that takes eight years through a whole series of judicial processes to come to a conclusion -- " The...
- A Report, A Consultation And An Important Job Vacancy
Home Affairs Committee - report on the US-UK Extradition Treaty in the conclusion section the committee states: The Committee is proposing significant changes to the extradition arrangements between the US and the UK not because we are critical...
- How The Eu Continues To Expand Its Influence Over Criminal Matters
Mr Assange (founder of Wikileaks) has been arrested under a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) issued by Sweden - see BBC 8th December 2010. The EAW refers to sexual offences alleged to have been committed in Sweden. Mr Assange was refused bail...
- The European Arrest Warrant - An Arrested Development.
Enjoy your holiday or business trip but be careful what you do when abroad in other EU countries. Step out of line and you could find a European Arrest Warrant following you back home and whisking you off for a stay in a not so nice foreign prison and...
Law and Rights
Gary McKinnon will not be extradited to the USA
Media comment/articles:
An interesting article by David Allen Green - New Statesman 16th October - notes that what you believe about the McKinnon extradition case is probably false and looks at the actual legal position in the case - Why did it take 10 years to block the extradition of Gary McKinnon. See also the piece by Joshua Rozenberg in The Guardian 16th October - Gary McKinnon: Theresa May had no choice but to use human rights grounds. Rozenberg begins - "Theresa May must have found it galling to use the despised Human Rights Act as a get-out-of-jail-free card for Gary McKinnon. But there was no alternative to her using article 3 of the human rights convention, which says that no one shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. How else was she going to be able to stop McKinnon being extradited to the US, with the risk that he would end his own life and, with it, May's political career? ...."
Mrs May's statement ~ House of Commons ~ 16th October 2012:
"With permission, Mr Speaker, I would like to make a statement about the case of Gary McKinnon and the government's response to Sir Scott Baker's review of our extradition arrangements.
I will turn first to Mr McKinnon's case.
I should explain to the house that the statutory process under the extradition act 2003 has long ended. SinceI came into office the sole issue on which I have been required to make a decision is whether Mr McKinnon'sextradition to the United States would breach his human rights.
Mr McKinnon is accused of serious crimes. But there is also no doubt that he is seriously ill. He has Asperger's syndrome, and suffers from depressive illness. The legal question before me is now whether the extent of that illness is sufficient to preclude extradition.
As the house would expect, I have very carefully considered the representations made on Mr McKinnon's behalf, including from a number of clinicians. I have obtained my own medical advice from practitioners recommended to me by the chief medical officer. And I have taken extensive legal advice.
After careful consideration of all of the relevant material, I have concluded that Mr McKinnon's extradition would give rise to such a high risk of him ending his life that a decision to extradite would be incompatible with Mr McKinnon's human rights.
I have therefore withdrawn the extradition order against Mr McKinnon.
It will now be for the director of public prosecutions to decide whether Mr McKinnon has a case to answer in a UK court. This has been a difficult and exceptional case and I would like to pay tribute to all of the Home Office officials and lawyers who have worked on this case over the years.
Baker Review
Mr Speaker, extradition is a vital tool. In a world where criminals and crimes can easily cross borders, it is vital to the interests of justice and public protection that criminals cannot avoid justice simply by sheltering behind a border.But concerns about the working of our extradition law have grown over recent years. There has been public concern about the extradition regime operating in the European union, the European arrest warrant, and about the extradition arrangements outside the EU, principally with the United States.
That is why in September 2010, I commissioned a review into our extradition arrangements.
That review was undertaken by Sir Scott Baker - a former Judge in the court of appeal - and a distinguished and expert panel, including David Perry QC and Anand Doobay.
I am extremely grateful to them for the professional and thorough way they went about their work. Nobody who has read their near 500 page report can be anything but impressed by the depth and clarity of its analysis.
At the same time, there has been considerable parliamentary interest in extradition. In a debate last December, parliament agreed unanimously that it believed there were problems with both our US and EU extradition arrangements.
In coming to a decision on how the government should respond to the Baker review I have taken full account of the review?s recommendations as well as the views of parliament.
(My note: See the Scott Baker review report and also Home Office 16th October)
EAW
Yesterday I announced that the government's current thinking is that we will opt out of all pre-Lisbon treaty police and criminal justice measures. The government will give very careful consideration to these measures, including the European Arrest Warrant (EAW), and will then seek to opt back into those individual measures where it is in our national interest.The EAW has had some success in streamlining the extradition process within the EU. But there have also been problems. There are concerns in particular about the disproportionate use of the EAW for trivial offences, and for actions that are not considered to be crimes in the UK. There are also issues around the lengthy pre-trial detention of some British citizens overseas. We know these concerns are shared by other member states.
We will therefore work with the European Commission, and with other member states, to consider what changes can be made to improve the EAW?s operation. I believe this is necessary to ensure that the EAW provides the protections that our citizens demand.
Forum
There are also concerns about our extradition arrangements with countries outside Europe.A key reason for the loss of public and parliamentary confidence in our extradition arrangements has been the perceived lack of transparency in the process.
I believe extradition decisions must not only be fair, they must be seen to be fair, and they must be made in open court, where decisions can be challenged and explained.
That is why I have decided to introduce a forum bar. This will mean that where prosecution is possible in both the UK and in another state, the British courts will be able to bar prosecution overseas, if they believe it is in the interests of justice to do so.
I have been conscious, however, of Sir Scott Baker's concern that the introduction of the existing forum legislation would lead to delays and satellite litigation. So rather than commence the existing provisions, as soon as parliamentary time allows I will bring forward a new forum bar, which will be carefully designed to minimise delays.
In parallel the director of public prosecutions will independently publish draft prosecutors' guidance for cases of concurrent jurisdiction.
And a bi-lateral protocol governing the approach of investigators and prosecutors in the UK and the US is being updated alongside this guidance.
(My note: the existing provisions are those in the Police and Justice Act 2006)
US/UK treaty
Turning to the United States/United Kingdom extradition treaty, I agree with the Baker review that our arrangements are broadly sound and the treaty brings benefits to both of our countries. Less than two weeks ago, for example, we saw the extradition to America of Abu Hamza and four other terror suspects.Although there is a perception that the evidence tests used by the US and the UK ? probable cause and reasonable suspicion respectively ? are unbalanced, Sir Scott Baker found that there is no significant difference between these two tests.
Prima Facie Evidence
Mr Speaker, I have also accepted the Baker Review's recommendations that a prima facie evidence test should not be reintroduced for those countries where it is not currently required.The courts are already able to subject requests from all countries to sufficient scrutiny to identify and address injustice or oppression.
Re-introducing prima facie evidence would be likely to lead to further delays.
And, Mr Speaker, it is absurd to propose that we should require prima facie evidence from countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, when we do not require such evidence of other countries with far less mature judicial systems.
SoS Discretion
Mr Speaker, I also agree with the Baker review's recommendation that the breadth of the Home Secretary's involvement in extradition cases should be reduced. Matters such as representations on human rights grounds should, in future, be considered by the high court rather than the home secretary. This change, which will significantly reduce delays in certain cases, will require primary legislation.Speeding up the process
Finally, I also propose to reduce delays in the extradition system, in the light of the recent extradition of terrorist suspects to the United States.In addition to the measures I have just announced, the government will look further at proposals in the Baker review to introduce a permission stage for appeals to the UK courts.
We will work closely with the European court of human rights on a programme to reduce the wholly unacceptable delays which have occurred there.
And we have also been considering how we can reduce delays in the deportation of foreign nationals who pose a threat to our national security. There is scope for reforming rights of appeal, streamlining the stages, expediting cases through the court and looking again at the provision of legal aid for terrorist suspects.
Conclusion
Mr Speaker, as Sir John Thomas, the judge in the Abu Hamza case said, it is in the overwhelming public interest that our extradition arrangements function properly. They must also be fair. We must balance both strong safeguards for those accused of cross-border crimes, with assurance that justice will be done. That is the government's aim, that is what our proposals will produce and I commend this statement to the house."- The Five Are Extradited ~ Is This A Time For Rejoicing?
On 5th October, the High Court finally cleared the way for the extraditions to the USA of Al Fawaz, Abdel Bary, Abu Hamza, Babar Ahmad, Talha Ahsan. The British and US governments clearly wasted no time in getting the men out of the UK as, during...
- Extradition To The Usa ~ Five Lose In The High Court
Update 9th October: The full judgment A few days ago, at his annual Press Conference, the Lord Chief Justice expressed "fury" at "any case that takes eight years through a whole series of judicial processes to come to a conclusion -- " The...
- A Report, A Consultation And An Important Job Vacancy
Home Affairs Committee - report on the US-UK Extradition Treaty in the conclusion section the committee states: The Committee is proposing significant changes to the extradition arrangements between the US and the UK not because we are critical...
- How The Eu Continues To Expand Its Influence Over Criminal Matters
Mr Assange (founder of Wikileaks) has been arrested under a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) issued by Sweden - see BBC 8th December 2010. The EAW refers to sexual offences alleged to have been committed in Sweden. Mr Assange was refused bail...
- The European Arrest Warrant - An Arrested Development.
Enjoy your holiday or business trip but be careful what you do when abroad in other EU countries. Step out of line and you could find a European Arrest Warrant following you back home and whisking you off for a stay in a not so nice foreign prison and...