Law and Rights
The Prime Minister, David Cameron, has addressed the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and his address is available via the 10 Downing Street website. Mr Cameron began by saying - "I want no one here to doubt the British commitment to defending human rights." However, this did not mean "sticking with the status quo." The Europe Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) needs to be "a beacon for the cause of human rights, ruthlessly focussed on defending human freedom and dignity, respected across the continent and the world." He argued that the ability of the Court to play this role is under threat in three areas:
During the UK's Chairmanship of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers, proposals will be brought forward to seek improvements in the efficiency of the court, to introduce new rules to enable the court to focus more efficiently and transparently on the most important cases. The UK also wishes to improve the procedures for nominating judges. The Assembly needs consistently strong shortlists from which to elect judges ? and clear guidelines on national selection procedures could help with that. Mr Cameron also said that the UK hoped to get consensus on "subsidiarity" ? the principle that where possible, final decisions should be made nationally. "Subsidiarity" is a fundamental principle of the Convention, declared Cameron. "For that reason, we will shortly set out our proposals for pushing responsibility to the national system." "That way we can free up the Court to concentrate on the worst, most flagrant human rights violations ? and to challenge national courts when they clearly haven?t followed the Convention."
Reaction - Effort is already going into dealing with the court's backlog of cases. On the Council of Europe website is a podcast where this matter is discussed - "Courting Trouble." The podcast explains how the court is addressing this issue. On the face of it, there is little to quibble about in this aspect of Mr Cameron's address. However, when the UK's proposals are published, attention will need to be paid to any proposals seeking to alter the admissibility criteria.
It is true that the process of getting a case to Strasbourg can look like a hearing at a court of Fourth Instance. However, this ignores the role of the Strasbourg Court which is not strictly an appeal process. The ECtHR exists "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties" - Article 19 of the European Convention. The Court's role therefore, is to be the ultimate arbiter of the meaning of the Convention and to indicate, by its judgments, when a State has violated the rights of the individual. Whilst the State has the responsibility for securing human rights, the ECtHR has a supervisory role. Without such an ultimate arbiter, there would be numerous interpretations of the Convention. There are instances where a case has gone through all the domestic courts in the UK and yet Strasbourg has come out against the UK - e.g. S and Marper v UK where the ECtHR Grand Chamber unanimously found a breach of Article 8. The English judges - with the exception of Baroness Hale - had said that Article 8 was not engaged by the retention of DNA profiles and fingerprints. Such a case does, I submit, demonstrate clearly the need for the right of individual petition and, if it comes to it, a "Fourth Instance" hearing which will focus on the convention rights implications of the case.
On the third point, "slim" margin of appreciation, the UK government is clearly angered over cases like Hirst No.2 (Prisoner Voting) and Abu Qatada (deportation of terrorist suspect). In this area, there are perhaps two ideas which are tending to become merged: the margin of appreciation and subsidiarity.
The "margin of appreciation" is a doctrine of the ECtHR's own jurisprudence. It is discussed in many cases, including S and Marper v UK. There are some areas where the ECtHR has recognised that opinion is not well-settled and has therefore chosen to allow the State a "margin of appreciation" in that area. A "wide" margin is allowed where there is no consensus - or no clear consensus - within the Member States of the Council of Europe, either as to the relative importance of the interest at stake or as to how best to protect it. The doctrine also recognises that the ECtHR is subsidiary and supervisory and the primary duty to protect rights lies with the member States. An interesting case is Goodwin v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 18 where the ECtHR decided that a general European cultural and medical consensus on the rights of transsexuals had developed and the previous margin of appreciation which the court had previously allowed was narrowed.
"Subsidiarity" is a term which appears to be borrowed from EU law by those who seek to argue that the ECtHR should adopt a "hands off" approach in a particular area such as prisoner voting. In other words, an argument that certain matters must be left almost entirely to States. It is interesting that it is claimed that subsidiarity is a fundamental principle of the Convention and yet the human rights textbooks do not mention it. They do, of course, refer to margin of appreciation.
It is not easy to see how the court could reconcile a hands-off approach with its purpose as expressed in Article 19 of the Convention - "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties." However that may be, the Attorney-General argued in a speech that there are some areas of "social policy" where the ECtHR should not intervene - ?? the principle of subsidiarity requires the Court to accept that on issues of social policy such as prisoner voting, where strong, opposing reasonable views may be held and where Parliament has fully debated the issue, the judgement as to the appropriate system of disenfranchisement of prisoners is for Parliament and the Court should not interfere with that judgement unless it is manifestly without reasonable foundation?? The ECtHR will get an opportunity to comment judicially on this idea since, given that the ECtHR has issued judgments subsequent to Hirst No.2, the UK has intervened in the Scoppola v Italy case concerning prisoner voting rights. It would be surprising if the ECtHR accepted that it cannot interfere in such matters unless the national decision is " ... manifestly without reasonable foundation?" That formula is an invention of the British government and looks like a major fetter on the ECtHR's role. Such a formula does not appear in the European Convention which, as already noted, requires the ECtHR "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties"
In the UK, there have been views that some of the judges at the ECtHR are not "up to the mark." The exact basis for such comments is unclear. However, the process is discussed on the Council of Europe's podcast - "Courting Trouble." - and the British government's proposals for altering the selection process are awaited. Under the Convention Article 21 - Judges shall be of high moral character and must either possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office or be jurisconsults of recognised competence. The judges are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly with respect to each High Contracting Party by a majority of votes cast from a list of three candidates nominated by the High Contracting." They serve for 9 years and may not be re-elected. They retire at age 70.
Doubtless, there will be a great deal more reaction and comment about Mr Cameron's speech. I will try to add links as they become available.
Links:
Twitter 25th January - Hugh Southey QC - "It does seem as though David Cameron is looking for a system where the UK doesn't lose" (Tweet reproduced here with kind permission).
The Guardian 25th January - "David Cameron's court criticism premature, say campaigners"
The Guardian 25th January - Francesca Klug - "Human Rights: Cameron's message to Europe"
Amnesty - "UK musn't use chairmanship to chip away at protection"
Independent 26th January - "Cameron warned his reforms will lead to increase in human rights abuses" - Benjamin Ward, deputy director for Europe and Central Asia at Human Rights Watch, warned: "Criticism of the court by UK government ministers, or failure to correct misleading reporting about it in the British media, emboldens other governments, such as Russia and Turkey, that would prefer to ignore its rulings." See also Human Rights Watch - "Russia: Expert Testimimony in the situation for human rights defenders."
New Europe Online - Human Rights, democracy and rule of law or dictatorship
The Guardian 26th January 2012 - Joshua Rozenberg - "Deciding the future of human rights court ... in Brighton" - Conference at Brighton 18-20 April 2012
The European Court of Human Rights Annual Report for 2012 was published
The Guardian published a useful "Datablog" - "European Court of Human Rights: which countries get the most judgments?"
A video about the Admissibility Conditions used by the ECtHR is available via Youtube
and also see UK Human Rights Blog - article by Ben Jones - "European Court of Human Rights: is the admissions system transparent enough?"
Mulberry Finch Blog - Henry Oliver - "Human Rights, Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Rule of Law"
See also UK Human Rights Blog - "Attorney-General "nuances" the PM's dig at European Court - the Attorney-General's views were expressed in a speech the day after Mr Cameron's address to the Parliamentary Assembly.
- View From Strasbourg ~ Paul Mahoney
At the European Court of Human Rights, each member State of the Council of Europe has a judge from that State. Paul Mahoney is the judge from the UK. In the Law Society Gazette he has set out some of his views - Law Society Gazette 11th November...
- European Union Accession To The European Convention On Human Rights
Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union states that the Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Art 6(3) of the Treaty states that fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the...
- Prisoner Voting - Scoppola V Italy - Will Prisoners Finally Have To Be Granted The Right To Vote?
The European Court of Human Rights has announced that, on 22nd May, the Grand Chamber will hand down judgment in Scoppola v. Italy (N° 3) concerning a prisoner?s right to vote. The case concerns the applicant?s disenfranchisement following his...
- The Brighton Declaration - A Quick First Glance
Wilton Park, SussexUpdated Monday 23rd April The Council of Europe has published the outcome of the High Level Conference on the Future of the Europe Court of Human Rights - The Brighton declaration - which will lead eventually to some important...
- Sir Nicolas Bratza: The European Court Of Human Rights
Updated with links to some other blogs To say the least, Sir Nicolas Bratza is a very eminent lawyer - see his profile on the Bar Council website. His CV is also on the European Court of Human Rights website. Sir Nicolas was in private practice...
Law and Rights
Mr Cameron's Address to the Council of Europe - 25th January
- Too many cases - threatening the court's ability to do what is most important
- Court of the fourth instance - whilst the court is properly safeguarding the right of individual petition, there is the risk that the court is becoming a court of "fourth instance" giving an extra bite of the cherry to anyone who is dissatisfied with a domestic ruling, even where that judgement is reasonable, well-founded, and in line with the Convention.
- Slim margin of appreciation - the Court is, quite rightly, determined to make sure that consistent standards of rights are upheld across the 47 member states? but at times it has felt to us in national governments that the ?margin of appreciation? ? which allows for different interpretations of the Convention ? has shrunk?and that not enough account is being taken of democratic decisions by national parliaments. "I completely understand the Court?s belief that a national decision must be properly made. But in the end, I believe that where an issue like this has been subjected to proper, reasoned democratic debate?and has also met with detailed scrutiny by national courts in line with the Convention?the decision made at a national level should be treated with respect." In support of this third point, Mr Cameron referred to Prisoner Voting and also to certain Immigration decisions.
During the UK's Chairmanship of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers, proposals will be brought forward to seek improvements in the efficiency of the court, to introduce new rules to enable the court to focus more efficiently and transparently on the most important cases. The UK also wishes to improve the procedures for nominating judges. The Assembly needs consistently strong shortlists from which to elect judges ? and clear guidelines on national selection procedures could help with that. Mr Cameron also said that the UK hoped to get consensus on "subsidiarity" ? the principle that where possible, final decisions should be made nationally. "Subsidiarity" is a fundamental principle of the Convention, declared Cameron. "For that reason, we will shortly set out our proposals for pushing responsibility to the national system." "That way we can free up the Court to concentrate on the worst, most flagrant human rights violations ? and to challenge national courts when they clearly haven?t followed the Convention."
Reaction - Effort is already going into dealing with the court's backlog of cases. On the Council of Europe website is a podcast where this matter is discussed - "Courting Trouble." The podcast explains how the court is addressing this issue. On the face of it, there is little to quibble about in this aspect of Mr Cameron's address. However, when the UK's proposals are published, attention will need to be paid to any proposals seeking to alter the admissibility criteria.
It is true that the process of getting a case to Strasbourg can look like a hearing at a court of Fourth Instance. However, this ignores the role of the Strasbourg Court which is not strictly an appeal process. The ECtHR exists "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties" - Article 19 of the European Convention. The Court's role therefore, is to be the ultimate arbiter of the meaning of the Convention and to indicate, by its judgments, when a State has violated the rights of the individual. Whilst the State has the responsibility for securing human rights, the ECtHR has a supervisory role. Without such an ultimate arbiter, there would be numerous interpretations of the Convention. There are instances where a case has gone through all the domestic courts in the UK and yet Strasbourg has come out against the UK - e.g. S and Marper v UK where the ECtHR Grand Chamber unanimously found a breach of Article 8. The English judges - with the exception of Baroness Hale - had said that Article 8 was not engaged by the retention of DNA profiles and fingerprints. Such a case does, I submit, demonstrate clearly the need for the right of individual petition and, if it comes to it, a "Fourth Instance" hearing which will focus on the convention rights implications of the case.
On the third point, "slim" margin of appreciation, the UK government is clearly angered over cases like Hirst No.2 (Prisoner Voting) and Abu Qatada (deportation of terrorist suspect). In this area, there are perhaps two ideas which are tending to become merged: the margin of appreciation and subsidiarity.
The "margin of appreciation" is a doctrine of the ECtHR's own jurisprudence. It is discussed in many cases, including S and Marper v UK. There are some areas where the ECtHR has recognised that opinion is not well-settled and has therefore chosen to allow the State a "margin of appreciation" in that area. A "wide" margin is allowed where there is no consensus - or no clear consensus - within the Member States of the Council of Europe, either as to the relative importance of the interest at stake or as to how best to protect it. The doctrine also recognises that the ECtHR is subsidiary and supervisory and the primary duty to protect rights lies with the member States. An interesting case is Goodwin v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 18 where the ECtHR decided that a general European cultural and medical consensus on the rights of transsexuals had developed and the previous margin of appreciation which the court had previously allowed was narrowed.
"Subsidiarity" is a term which appears to be borrowed from EU law by those who seek to argue that the ECtHR should adopt a "hands off" approach in a particular area such as prisoner voting. In other words, an argument that certain matters must be left almost entirely to States. It is interesting that it is claimed that subsidiarity is a fundamental principle of the Convention and yet the human rights textbooks do not mention it. They do, of course, refer to margin of appreciation.
It is not easy to see how the court could reconcile a hands-off approach with its purpose as expressed in Article 19 of the Convention - "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties." However that may be, the Attorney-General argued in a speech that there are some areas of "social policy" where the ECtHR should not intervene - ?? the principle of subsidiarity requires the Court to accept that on issues of social policy such as prisoner voting, where strong, opposing reasonable views may be held and where Parliament has fully debated the issue, the judgement as to the appropriate system of disenfranchisement of prisoners is for Parliament and the Court should not interfere with that judgement unless it is manifestly without reasonable foundation?? The ECtHR will get an opportunity to comment judicially on this idea since, given that the ECtHR has issued judgments subsequent to Hirst No.2, the UK has intervened in the Scoppola v Italy case concerning prisoner voting rights. It would be surprising if the ECtHR accepted that it cannot interfere in such matters unless the national decision is " ... manifestly without reasonable foundation?" That formula is an invention of the British government and looks like a major fetter on the ECtHR's role. Such a formula does not appear in the European Convention which, as already noted, requires the ECtHR "to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties"
In the UK, there have been views that some of the judges at the ECtHR are not "up to the mark." The exact basis for such comments is unclear. However, the process is discussed on the Council of Europe's podcast - "Courting Trouble." - and the British government's proposals for altering the selection process are awaited. Under the Convention Article 21 - Judges shall be of high moral character and must either possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office or be jurisconsults of recognised competence. The judges are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly with respect to each High Contracting Party by a majority of votes cast from a list of three candidates nominated by the High Contracting." They serve for 9 years and may not be re-elected. They retire at age 70.
Doubtless, there will be a great deal more reaction and comment about Mr Cameron's speech. I will try to add links as they become available.
Links:
Twitter 25th January - Hugh Southey QC - "It does seem as though David Cameron is looking for a system where the UK doesn't lose" (Tweet reproduced here with kind permission).
The Guardian 25th January - "David Cameron's court criticism premature, say campaigners"
The Guardian 25th January - Francesca Klug - "Human Rights: Cameron's message to Europe"
Amnesty - "UK musn't use chairmanship to chip away at protection"
Independent 26th January - "Cameron warned his reforms will lead to increase in human rights abuses" - Benjamin Ward, deputy director for Europe and Central Asia at Human Rights Watch, warned: "Criticism of the court by UK government ministers, or failure to correct misleading reporting about it in the British media, emboldens other governments, such as Russia and Turkey, that would prefer to ignore its rulings." See also Human Rights Watch - "Russia: Expert Testimimony in the situation for human rights defenders."
New Europe Online - Human Rights, democracy and rule of law or dictatorship
The Guardian 26th January 2012 - Joshua Rozenberg - "Deciding the future of human rights court ... in Brighton" - Conference at Brighton 18-20 April 2012
27th January:
The European Court of Human Rights Annual Report for 2012 was published
The Guardian published a useful "Datablog" - "European Court of Human Rights: which countries get the most judgments?"
A video about the Admissibility Conditions used by the ECtHR is available via Youtube
and also see UK Human Rights Blog - article by Ben Jones - "European Court of Human Rights: is the admissions system transparent enough?"
Mulberry Finch Blog - Henry Oliver - "Human Rights, Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Rule of Law"
1st February 2012:
See also UK Human Rights Blog - "Attorney-General "nuances" the PM's dig at European Court - the Attorney-General's views were expressed in a speech the day after Mr Cameron's address to the Parliamentary Assembly.
- View From Strasbourg ~ Paul Mahoney
At the European Court of Human Rights, each member State of the Council of Europe has a judge from that State. Paul Mahoney is the judge from the UK. In the Law Society Gazette he has set out some of his views - Law Society Gazette 11th November...
- European Union Accession To The European Convention On Human Rights
Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union states that the Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Art 6(3) of the Treaty states that fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the...
- Prisoner Voting - Scoppola V Italy - Will Prisoners Finally Have To Be Granted The Right To Vote?
The European Court of Human Rights has announced that, on 22nd May, the Grand Chamber will hand down judgment in Scoppola v. Italy (N° 3) concerning a prisoner?s right to vote. The case concerns the applicant?s disenfranchisement following his...
- The Brighton Declaration - A Quick First Glance
Wilton Park, SussexUpdated Monday 23rd April The Council of Europe has published the outcome of the High Level Conference on the Future of the Europe Court of Human Rights - The Brighton declaration - which will lead eventually to some important...
- Sir Nicolas Bratza: The European Court Of Human Rights
Updated with links to some other blogs To say the least, Sir Nicolas Bratza is a very eminent lawyer - see his profile on the Bar Council website. His CV is also on the European Court of Human Rights website. Sir Nicolas was in private practice...