Law and Rights
Update 14th November 2012
English law permits "private prosecution."
General:
A Parliamentary Briefing Paper contains a considerable amount of information about such prosecutions. A private prosecution is ?a prosecution started by a private individual who is not acting on behalf of the police or any other prosecuting authority or body which conducts prosecutions?. The right of a private individual to bring a criminal prosecution is a historical one originating in the earliest days of the legal system. Although the need for private individuals to bring (and pay for) criminal prosecutions has largely disappeared since the creation of the office of Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in 1879 the right to do so nevertheless remains. It has been described as a ?useful constitutional safeguard against capricious, corrupt or biased failure or refusal of those authorities to prosecute offenders": Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1977] 3 All ER 70 per Lord Diplock.
In the Gouriet case, Lord Wilberforce referred to private prosecution as "a valuable constitutional safeguard against inertia or partiality on the part of authority."
There is no formal legal requirement for private prosecutions to satisfy the Code for Crown Prosecutors, which sets out the factors the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) should consider when deciding whether to institute a public prosecution. The right to bring and conduct a private prosecution is, however, subject to a number of restrictions. In some cases, a prosecution must be bought by a particular individual or body: for example, no proceedings for an offence under the Weights and Measures Act 1985 are to be instituted ?except by or on behalf of a local weights and measures authority or the chief officer of police for a police area?. In other cases, the DPP is under a statutory duty to take over the conduct of criminal proceedings: for example, those instituted on behalf of a police force or those relating to extradition. The DPP also has a general discretion to take over the conduct of any other criminal proceedings at any stage, either for the purpose of continuing the proceedings or stopping them. There are also some cases in which the institution or carrying on of criminal proceedings is prohibited unless the consent of the Attorney General or the DPP is obtained.
A private prosecution is not a step to be taken lightly. As a post on The [Justice] Gap blog points out, there is no legal aid for instituting private prosecutions and therefore the prosecutor will have to fund the case. The defendant may get legal aid if eligible under the usual rules for legal aid provision in criminal cases. Before commencing a private prosecution, the most important thing is the receipt of adequate professional legal advice
The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 section 6:
Prosecutions instituted and conducted otherwise than by the Service.
(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, nothing in this Part shall preclude any person from instituting any criminal proceedings or conducting any criminal proceedings to which the Director?s duty to take over the conduct of proceedings does not apply.
(2) Where criminal proceedings are instituted in circumstances in which the Director is not under a duty to take over their conduct, he may nevertheless do so at any stage.
CPS Guidance on stopping prosecutions:
Thus, the Crown prosecution Service may take over a private prosecution and then either continue with the case or, alternatively, stop the case. The circumstances in which they might do this are published on the CPS website. For example, the CPS guidance states that a private prosecution should be taken over and stopped if, upon review of the case papers, either the evidential sufficiency stage or the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is not met. Even if the Full Code Test is met, it may be necessary to take over and stop the prosecution on behalf of the public where there is a particular need to do so, such as where the prosecution is likely to damage the interests of justice - cases where the prosecution interferes with the investigation of another criminal offence; cases where the prosecution interferes with the prosecution of another criminal charge; vexatious prosecutions; cases where the defendant has been granted immunity from prosecution; and cases where the defendant has already been cautioned for the offence.
In the Supreme Court - R (Gujra) v Crown Prosecution Service:
On 14th November, the Supreme Court is to hand down judgment in R (Gujra) v CPS - an appeal from the decision of the Queen's Bench Divisional Court - here.
Until 2009, the Director's policy in relation to the stopping of private prosecutions was based on an evidential test of "clearly no case to answer" as opposed to the Full Code Test of "realistic prospect of conviction" in the present policy: see R v Director of Public Prosecutions, ex p. Duckenfield [2000] 1 WLR 55 at para 63.
In the Divisional Court, Mr Gujra emphasised the constitutional importance of the right of private prosecution as preserved by s.6(1) of the 1985 Act and argued that the change from the former "clearly no case to answer" test to the "realistic prospect of conviction" test in the Code, amounted to an emasculation of s.6(1) and was therefore unlawful. However, the Divisional Court decided that the CPS policy was lawful. Richards LJ stated:
"Private prosecutions can continue, however, where the CPS assesses there to be a realistic prospect of conviction (and provided that the other elements of the policy, notably the public interest test, do not tell in favour of intervention, whether with a view to discontinuing the proceedings or with a view to their being carried on by the CPS). In practice, private prosecutions remain far from a dead letter."
UPDATE 14th November:
By a majority (3 to 2), the Supreme Court has uphold the application of the full code test to private prosecutions. The court referred to the test as the "reasonable prospect of conviction test." The judgment and a summary are available on the Supreme Court's website. The majority comprised Lord Neuberger (President) and Lords Kerr and Wilson. The minority comprised Lord Mance and Lady Hale.
- Prosecutions - Just When Are They In The Public Interest
In reaching a decision to prosecute, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has a Full Code Test involving an evidential stage and a public interest stage. The evidential stage requires that there be sufficient evidence to provide a realistic...
- Sir Cyril Smith ~ Corroboration Of Evidence
Revelations relating to the activities of the late Sir Cyril Smith have been in the media - BBC Sir Cyril Smith: Former MP sexually abused boys, police say 27th November 2012. Sir Cyril's family are deeply saddened by these allegations...
- Charge On The Basis Of "reasonable Suspicion"
20th September 2011: "Stepping Hill nurse criticises media over arrest charge" - The Guardian. Miss Leighton says that, at first, she did not opt for legal advice but points out that she was advised to do so by the Police. Legal advice...
- Super Injunctions: Private Prosecutions: Domestic Violence And Contact With Child
Injunctions For those wealthy enough to be able to use the courts, a "Super-injunction" may be one way of trying to ensure that personal information is kept private. Strictly speaking, a super injunction even bans publication of the fact that it...
- Complicity In Suicide - New Guidelines But ....?
In the Purdy case [2009] UKHL 45, the House of Lords required the Director of Public Prosecutions to issue an offence-specific Policy setting out the facts and circumstances which would be considered in making a decision whether to prosecute a person...
Law and Rights
Private Prosecution ~ Supreme Court judgment due
English law permits "private prosecution."
General:
A Parliamentary Briefing Paper contains a considerable amount of information about such prosecutions. A private prosecution is ?a prosecution started by a private individual who is not acting on behalf of the police or any other prosecuting authority or body which conducts prosecutions?. The right of a private individual to bring a criminal prosecution is a historical one originating in the earliest days of the legal system. Although the need for private individuals to bring (and pay for) criminal prosecutions has largely disappeared since the creation of the office of Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in 1879 the right to do so nevertheless remains. It has been described as a ?useful constitutional safeguard against capricious, corrupt or biased failure or refusal of those authorities to prosecute offenders": Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1977] 3 All ER 70 per Lord Diplock.
In the Gouriet case, Lord Wilberforce referred to private prosecution as "a valuable constitutional safeguard against inertia or partiality on the part of authority."
There is no formal legal requirement for private prosecutions to satisfy the Code for Crown Prosecutors, which sets out the factors the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) should consider when deciding whether to institute a public prosecution. The right to bring and conduct a private prosecution is, however, subject to a number of restrictions. In some cases, a prosecution must be bought by a particular individual or body: for example, no proceedings for an offence under the Weights and Measures Act 1985 are to be instituted ?except by or on behalf of a local weights and measures authority or the chief officer of police for a police area?. In other cases, the DPP is under a statutory duty to take over the conduct of criminal proceedings: for example, those instituted on behalf of a police force or those relating to extradition. The DPP also has a general discretion to take over the conduct of any other criminal proceedings at any stage, either for the purpose of continuing the proceedings or stopping them. There are also some cases in which the institution or carrying on of criminal proceedings is prohibited unless the consent of the Attorney General or the DPP is obtained.
A private prosecution is not a step to be taken lightly. As a post on The [Justice] Gap blog points out, there is no legal aid for instituting private prosecutions and therefore the prosecutor will have to fund the case. The defendant may get legal aid if eligible under the usual rules for legal aid provision in criminal cases. Before commencing a private prosecution, the most important thing is the receipt of adequate professional legal advice
The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 section 6:
Prosecutions instituted and conducted otherwise than by the Service.
(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, nothing in this Part shall preclude any person from instituting any criminal proceedings or conducting any criminal proceedings to which the Director?s duty to take over the conduct of proceedings does not apply.
(2) Where criminal proceedings are instituted in circumstances in which the Director is not under a duty to take over their conduct, he may nevertheless do so at any stage.
CPS Guidance on stopping prosecutions:
Thus, the Crown prosecution Service may take over a private prosecution and then either continue with the case or, alternatively, stop the case. The circumstances in which they might do this are published on the CPS website. For example, the CPS guidance states that a private prosecution should be taken over and stopped if, upon review of the case papers, either the evidential sufficiency stage or the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is not met. Even if the Full Code Test is met, it may be necessary to take over and stop the prosecution on behalf of the public where there is a particular need to do so, such as where the prosecution is likely to damage the interests of justice - cases where the prosecution interferes with the investigation of another criminal offence; cases where the prosecution interferes with the prosecution of another criminal charge; vexatious prosecutions; cases where the defendant has been granted immunity from prosecution; and cases where the defendant has already been cautioned for the offence.
In the Supreme Court - R (Gujra) v Crown Prosecution Service:
On 14th November, the Supreme Court is to hand down judgment in R (Gujra) v CPS - an appeal from the decision of the Queen's Bench Divisional Court - here.
Until 2009, the Director's policy in relation to the stopping of private prosecutions was based on an evidential test of "clearly no case to answer" as opposed to the Full Code Test of "realistic prospect of conviction" in the present policy: see R v Director of Public Prosecutions, ex p. Duckenfield [2000] 1 WLR 55 at para 63.
In the Divisional Court, Mr Gujra emphasised the constitutional importance of the right of private prosecution as preserved by s.6(1) of the 1985 Act and argued that the change from the former "clearly no case to answer" test to the "realistic prospect of conviction" test in the Code, amounted to an emasculation of s.6(1) and was therefore unlawful. However, the Divisional Court decided that the CPS policy was lawful. Richards LJ stated:
"Private prosecutions can continue, however, where the CPS assesses there to be a realistic prospect of conviction (and provided that the other elements of the policy, notably the public interest test, do not tell in favour of intervention, whether with a view to discontinuing the proceedings or with a view to their being carried on by the CPS). In practice, private prosecutions remain far from a dead letter."
UPDATE 14th November:
By a majority (3 to 2), the Supreme Court has uphold the application of the full code test to private prosecutions. The court referred to the test as the "reasonable prospect of conviction test." The judgment and a summary are available on the Supreme Court's website. The majority comprised Lord Neuberger (President) and Lords Kerr and Wilson. The minority comprised Lord Mance and Lady Hale.
- Prosecutions - Just When Are They In The Public Interest
In reaching a decision to prosecute, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has a Full Code Test involving an evidential stage and a public interest stage. The evidential stage requires that there be sufficient evidence to provide a realistic...
- Sir Cyril Smith ~ Corroboration Of Evidence
Revelations relating to the activities of the late Sir Cyril Smith have been in the media - BBC Sir Cyril Smith: Former MP sexually abused boys, police say 27th November 2012. Sir Cyril's family are deeply saddened by these allegations...
- Charge On The Basis Of "reasonable Suspicion"
20th September 2011: "Stepping Hill nurse criticises media over arrest charge" - The Guardian. Miss Leighton says that, at first, she did not opt for legal advice but points out that she was advised to do so by the Police. Legal advice...
- Super Injunctions: Private Prosecutions: Domestic Violence And Contact With Child
Injunctions For those wealthy enough to be able to use the courts, a "Super-injunction" may be one way of trying to ensure that personal information is kept private. Strictly speaking, a super injunction even bans publication of the fact that it...
- Complicity In Suicide - New Guidelines But ....?
In the Purdy case [2009] UKHL 45, the House of Lords required the Director of Public Prosecutions to issue an offence-specific Policy setting out the facts and circumstances which would be considered in making a decision whether to prosecute a person...