Law and Rights
I make no apology for returning to the question of the Royal Charter on Self Regulation of the Press. This was discussed in my earlier post of 14th October - We by Our Prerogative Royal will, ordain and declare as follows
That post concluded by noting: 'Perhaps the Charter will somehow be challenged before the courts. Unless that happens, the existence of a prerogative power to regulate the press is likely to become accepted given that the Charter itself effectively claims a prerogative right to do so by using the words:
It might then be wondered what might be ordained and declared at some time in the unknown future when some further need for State Control over some activity is perceived.'
The House of Lords has now registered concern - Daily Mail 26th October
'Controversial plans to impose a Royal Charter on the Press next week are ?inconsistent with our democratic traditions?, senior peers warned last night. Lord Inglewood, chairman of the House of Lords communications committee, said Parliament had been ?bypassed? by the Government in its rush to use a Royal Charter to regulate the Press. The former Tory culture minister said his committee was alarmed that peers have not been given the chance to consider the proposals which would set up a new regulatory framework for the Press in the wake of the Leveson inquiry.'
Whether or not the Lords have been allowed to debate the proposed Charter is a matter which cannot be questioned in the courts since the Bill of Rights 1688 prevents challenge to Parliamentary proceedings:
The Daily Mail article also states: 'Industry bodies are to apply to the High Court for judicial review. They will argue a decision by the secretive Privy Council, to reject an industry-backed charter for self-regulation in favour of one written by politicians should be quashed.'
Further concern is expressed in the Daily Mail's article 26th October - Privy Council must not be above the law. This article states: 'The newspaper industry is seeking judicial review of this decision, but has been told by the Treasury Solicitor that the Privy Council, acting under Royal Prerogative, cannot be subject to legal challenge.'
I have not had the privilege of seeing any such legal advice. However, does a claim to be acting under 'Royal Prerogative' powers prevent a judicial review? The short answer is NO. That was the answer given by the House of Lords in the GCHQ case in 1983 - (judgment). Their Lordships cited, with approval, the earlier authorities such as Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508 and Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate 1964 SC (HL) 117.
Lord Fraser of Tullybelton said: 'As De Keyser's case shows the courts will inquire into whether a particular prerogative power exists or not, and if it does exist, into its extent.'
Lord Scarman said:
My Lords, I would wish to add a few, very few, words on the reviewability of the exercise of the royal prerogative. Like my noble and learned friend Lord Diplock, I believe that the law relating to judicial review has now reached the stage where it can be said with confidence that, if the subject matter in respect of which prerogative power is exercised is justiciable, that is to say if it is a matter upon which the court can adjudicate, the exercise of the power is subject to review in accordance with the principles developed in respect of the review of the exercise of statutory power. Without usurping the role of legal historian, for which I claim no special qualification, I would observe that the royal prerogative has always been regarded as part of the common law, and that Sir Edward Coke had no doubt that it was subject to the common law: Case of Prohibitions del Roy (1607), 12 Co. Rep. 63 and Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74. In the latter case he declared, at p.76, that "the King hath no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows him."
Lord Diplock said: ' .. I see no reason why simply because a decision-making power is derived from a common law and not a statutory source, it should for that reason only be immune from judicial review'.
Of course, on one view, the Royal Charter merely sets up the 'Recognition Body' and the use of Royal Charters to incorporate bodies is commonplace and of long antiquity. That would be, I submit, an excessively narrow view of what this Royal Charter purports to do. In reality, it presumes the existence of a prerogative power to regulate the press and the charter sets out in some detail the considerable powers of the Recognition Body. This goes beyond the traditional use of Royal Charters (e.g. charters of incorporation for the Welsh Livery Guild, Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers etc) and strays into territory which should, constitutionally, be occupied by Parliament. The Recognition Body's powers in relation to regulators will be such that there is bound to be a marked, and very possibly negative, impact on the freedom of the press. The existence of such a prerogative power is questionable and it is right that the courts be asked to declare whether such power exists and, if so, what is its scope.
At the end of the day, in a constitutional democracy, the position should be that "the politicians have no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows them."
- Phone-hacking Trial - Charges, Verdicts, Links To Media Articles, Leveson And Beyond
Charges: What were the actual charges in the "Phone-Hacking" trial? Here they are as published by the Crown Prosecution Service. The charges arose from two Police investigations referred to as Operations Elveden and Weeting. CPS - Charging...
- Press Regulation ~ A Legal Challenge Fails
Today, the High Court rejected a challenge by the Press Standards Board of Finance (PressBof) which was aimed at preventing the Privy Council approving the Royal Charter of Self Regulation of the Press - The Independent 30th October. Richard Gordon...
- Press Regulation ~ View Of Journalists
London Evening Standard 23rd October Media heavyweights have branded the government?s proposed royal charter for press regulation a ?medieval piece of nonsense.? Speaking at a London Press Club debate last night Guardian editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger,...
- The 'final' Draft Royal Charter On Self -regulation Of The Press
Here it is - the 'final' draft of the Royal Charter on Self-Regulation of the Press. The regulatory arrangements: 1. The Royal Charter - this creates a Recognition Body and sets out matters such as the membership of the body and its powers...
- Catching Up With Press Regulation
Updated: The Privy Council has rejected a draft Royal Charter put forward by the Press. Their reasons for doing this are in a letter dated 8th October 2013. Maria Miller MP made a statement to the House of Commons - The Guardian 8th October. ...
Law and Rights
The Press ~ The Royal Charter ~ (again)!
That post concluded by noting: 'Perhaps the Charter will somehow be challenged before the courts. Unless that happens, the existence of a prerogative power to regulate the press is likely to become accepted given that the Charter itself effectively claims a prerogative right to do so by using the words:
NOW KNOW YE that We by Our Prerogative Royal .....will, ordain and declare ....
It might then be wondered what might be ordained and declared at some time in the unknown future when some further need for State Control over some activity is perceived.'
The House of Lords has now registered concern - Daily Mail 26th October
'Controversial plans to impose a Royal Charter on the Press next week are ?inconsistent with our democratic traditions?, senior peers warned last night. Lord Inglewood, chairman of the House of Lords communications committee, said Parliament had been ?bypassed? by the Government in its rush to use a Royal Charter to regulate the Press. The former Tory culture minister said his committee was alarmed that peers have not been given the chance to consider the proposals which would set up a new regulatory framework for the Press in the wake of the Leveson inquiry.'
Whether or not the Lords have been allowed to debate the proposed Charter is a matter which cannot be questioned in the courts since the Bill of Rights 1688 prevents challenge to Parliamentary proceedings:
Freedom of Speech.
That the Freedome of Speech and Debates or Proceedings in Parlyament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any Court or Place out of Parlyament. The Daily Mail article also states: 'Industry bodies are to apply to the High Court for judicial review. They will argue a decision by the secretive Privy Council, to reject an industry-backed charter for self-regulation in favour of one written by politicians should be quashed.'
Further concern is expressed in the Daily Mail's article 26th October - Privy Council must not be above the law. This article states: 'The newspaper industry is seeking judicial review of this decision, but has been told by the Treasury Solicitor that the Privy Council, acting under Royal Prerogative, cannot be subject to legal challenge.'
I have not had the privilege of seeing any such legal advice. However, does a claim to be acting under 'Royal Prerogative' powers prevent a judicial review? The short answer is NO. That was the answer given by the House of Lords in the GCHQ case in 1983 - (judgment). Their Lordships cited, with approval, the earlier authorities such as Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508 and Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate 1964 SC (HL) 117.
Lord Fraser of Tullybelton said: 'As De Keyser's case shows the courts will inquire into whether a particular prerogative power exists or not, and if it does exist, into its extent.'
Lord Scarman said:
My Lords, I would wish to add a few, very few, words on the reviewability of the exercise of the royal prerogative. Like my noble and learned friend Lord Diplock, I believe that the law relating to judicial review has now reached the stage where it can be said with confidence that, if the subject matter in respect of which prerogative power is exercised is justiciable, that is to say if it is a matter upon which the court can adjudicate, the exercise of the power is subject to review in accordance with the principles developed in respect of the review of the exercise of statutory power. Without usurping the role of legal historian, for which I claim no special qualification, I would observe that the royal prerogative has always been regarded as part of the common law, and that Sir Edward Coke had no doubt that it was subject to the common law: Case of Prohibitions del Roy (1607), 12 Co. Rep. 63 and Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74. In the latter case he declared, at p.76, that "the King hath no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows him."
Lord Diplock said: ' .. I see no reason why simply because a decision-making power is derived from a common law and not a statutory source, it should for that reason only be immune from judicial review'.
Of course, on one view, the Royal Charter merely sets up the 'Recognition Body' and the use of Royal Charters to incorporate bodies is commonplace and of long antiquity. That would be, I submit, an excessively narrow view of what this Royal Charter purports to do. In reality, it presumes the existence of a prerogative power to regulate the press and the charter sets out in some detail the considerable powers of the Recognition Body. This goes beyond the traditional use of Royal Charters (e.g. charters of incorporation for the Welsh Livery Guild, Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers etc) and strays into territory which should, constitutionally, be occupied by Parliament. The Recognition Body's powers in relation to regulators will be such that there is bound to be a marked, and very possibly negative, impact on the freedom of the press. The existence of such a prerogative power is questionable and it is right that the courts be asked to declare whether such power exists and, if so, what is its scope.
At the end of the day, in a constitutional democracy, the position should be that "the politicians have no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows them."
- Phone-hacking Trial - Charges, Verdicts, Links To Media Articles, Leveson And Beyond
Charges: What were the actual charges in the "Phone-Hacking" trial? Here they are as published by the Crown Prosecution Service. The charges arose from two Police investigations referred to as Operations Elveden and Weeting. CPS - Charging...
- Press Regulation ~ A Legal Challenge Fails
Today, the High Court rejected a challenge by the Press Standards Board of Finance (PressBof) which was aimed at preventing the Privy Council approving the Royal Charter of Self Regulation of the Press - The Independent 30th October. Richard Gordon...
- Press Regulation ~ View Of Journalists
London Evening Standard 23rd October Media heavyweights have branded the government?s proposed royal charter for press regulation a ?medieval piece of nonsense.? Speaking at a London Press Club debate last night Guardian editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger,...
- The 'final' Draft Royal Charter On Self -regulation Of The Press
Here it is - the 'final' draft of the Royal Charter on Self-Regulation of the Press. The regulatory arrangements: 1. The Royal Charter - this creates a Recognition Body and sets out matters such as the membership of the body and its powers...
- Catching Up With Press Regulation
Updated: The Privy Council has rejected a draft Royal Charter put forward by the Press. Their reasons for doing this are in a letter dated 8th October 2013. Maria Miller MP made a statement to the House of Commons - The Guardian 8th October. ...